Brigadier General (ret.) Julia J. Cleckley, U.S. Army and Special Assistant to the Director of the Army National Guard

Ambassador (ret.) James F. Collins, Ambassador at Large for the New Independent States and to the Russian Federation

Major General (ret.) Peter Cooke, U.S. Army and Commanding General, 96th Regional Support Command

Thomas Countryman, Assistant Secretary of State for International Security and Nonproliferation

Ambassador (ret.) Chester A. Crocker, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs

Ambassador (ret.) Ryan Crocker, Ambassador to Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Syria, Kuwait, and Lebanon

Ambassador (ret.) Walter Culter, Ambassador to Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, and Congo-Zaire

Ambassador (ret.) James B. Cunningham, Ambassador to the United Nations, Israel, and Afghanistan

John Danforth, U.S. Senate and Ambassador to the United Nations

Tom Daschle, U.S. Senate and Senate Majority Leader

Suzanne DiMaggio, Senior Fellow and Director of the Iran Initiative at New America

Ambassador (ret.) James Dobbins, U.S. Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan

David Dreier, U.S. House of Representatives and Chairman of the House Committee on Rules

Major General (ret.) Mari K. Eder, U.S. Army and Commanding General, 76th Operational Reserve Command

Robert Einhorn, Assistant Secretary for Nonproliferation and the Secretary of State’s Special Advisor for Nonproliferation and Arms Control

Admiral (ret.) William J. Fallon, U.S. Navy and Commander, U.S. Central Command

Brigadier General (ret.) Robert J. Felderman, U.S. Army and Deputy Director Plans, Policy and Strategy, U.S. Northern Command

Ambassador (ret.) Robert Gallucci, Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs and Ambassador at Large

Lieutenant General (ret.) Walter Gaskin, U.S. Marine Corps and Deputy Chairman, NATO Military Committee

Leslie Gelb, Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs and Director of Policy Planning and Arms Control at the Department of Defense

Rear Admiral (ret.) F. Stephen Glass, JAGC, U.S. Navy and Senior Judge Advocate, Naval Reserve

Ambassador (ret.) James Goodby, Ambassador to Finland and Deputy Chief of the U.S.delegation to the START talks

Vice Admiral (ret.) Kevin P. Green, U.S. Navy and Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Plans, Policy and Operations)

Lee H. Hamilton, U.S. House of Representatives, Chairman of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, and Vice Chair of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States

Ambassador (ret.) William C. Harrop, Ambassador to Israel and Inspector General, U.S. Department of State

Gary Hart, U.S. Senate and U.S. Special Envoy to Northern Ireland

Brigadier General (ret.) Don Harvel, U.S. Air Force and Air National Guard Advisor to the Commander of the Air Force Special Operations Command

General (ret.) Michael Hayden, U.S. Air Force and Director of the National Security Agency and Director of the Central Intelligence Agency

Stephen B. Heintz, President of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund

Ambassador (ret.) Carla A. Hills, U.S. Trade Representative

James Hoge, Former Editor of Foreign Affairs Magazine

Ambassador (ret.) Laura S. H. Holgate, U.S. Representative to the International Atomic Energy Agency and United Nations; and Special Assistant to the President for Weapons of Mass Destruction, Terrorism, and Threat Reduction of the National Security Council

Major General (ret.) Sanford E. Holman, U.S. Army and Commanding General, 200th Military Police Command

Rear Admiral (ret.) John D. Hutson, JAGC, U.S. Navy and Judge Advocate General, U.S. Navy

Brigadier General (ret.) David R. Irvine, U.S. Army and Deputy Commander, 96th Regional Support Command

Ambassador (ret.) James Jeffrey, Deputy National Security Adviser and Ambassador to Albania, Turkey, and Iraq

J. Bennett Johnston, U.S. Senate and Chairman of the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources

Nancy Landon Kassebaum, U.S. Senate

Lieutenant General (ret.) Frank Kearney, U.S. Army and Deputy Director for Strategic Operational Planning, National Counterterrorism Center

Lieutenant General (ret.) Claudia Kennedy, U.S. Army and Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, U.S. Army

Ambassador (ret.) Patrick F. Kennedy, Under Secretary of State for Management

Daryl G. Kimball, Executive Director, Arms Control Association

Ambassador (ret.) Jimmy Kolker, Ambassador to Uganda and Burkina Faso

Ambassador (ret.) Daniel Kurtzer, Ambassador to Israel and Egypt

Major General (ret.) Dennis Laich, U.S. Army and Commander, 94th Regional Readiness Command

Ellen Laipson, Vice Chair of the National Intelligence Council and President Emeritus of the Stimson Center

Major General (ret.) Steven J. Lepper, U.S. Air Force and Deputy Judge Advocate General, U.S. Air Force

Carl Levin, U.S. Senate and Chairman of the Senate Committee on Armed Services

Ambassador (ret.) John Limbert, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Iran

Ambassador (ret.) William H. Luers, Ambassador to Czechoslovakia and Venezuela

Richard G. Lugar, U.S. Senate and Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

Ambassador (ret.) Princeton Lyman, Ambassador to Nigeria and South Africa, and Assistant Secretary of State for International Organizations

Major General (ret.) Randy Manner, U.S. Army and Deputy Commanding General, 3rd U.S. Army, ARCENT, Kuwait

Ambassador (ret.) Edward Marks, Former Deputy Coordinator of the Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism at the Department of State and Ambassador to Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau

Brigadier General (ret.) Carlos E. Martinez, U.S. Air Force and Mobilization Assistant to the Deputy Chief of Staff for Warfighting Integration

Jessica T. Mathews, Director of the Office of Global Issues of the National Security Council

Lieutenant General (ret.) John W. Morgan, III, U.S. Army and Commander, Allied Land Force Command-Heidelberg (NATO)

Ambassador (ret.) Richard W. Murphy, Ambassador to Saudi Arabia and Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs

Vali Nasr, U.S. Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan and Dean of Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies

Richard Nephew, Deputy Coordinator for Sanctions Policy at the Department of State and Director for Iran of the National Security Council

Ambassador (ret.) Thomas Niles, Ambassador to the European Union, Greece, and Canada

Sam Nunn, U.S. Senate and Chairman of the Senate Committee on Armed Services

Joseph Nye, Assistant Secretary of Defense and Chairman of the National Intelligence Council

Paul O’Neill, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury

Rear Admiral (ret.) David R. Oliver, Jr., U.S. Navy and Principal Deputy Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics

Ambassador (ret.) Rick Olsen, U.S. Special Representative to Afghanistan and Pakistan

Admiral (ret.) Eric Olson, U.S. Navy and Commander of Special Operations Forces

William Perry, U.S. Secretary of Defense

Ambassador (ret.) Thomas Pickering, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs and Ambassador to Israel, Russia, India, El Salvador, Nigeria, Jordan, and the United Nations

Paul R. Pillar, National Intelligence Officer for the Near East and South Asia

Ambassador (ret.) Nicholas Platt, Ambassador to Pakistan, the Philippines, and Zambia

Major General (ret.) Gale S. Pollock, CRNA, FACHE, FAAN, U.S. Army and Acting Surgeon General, Army Medical Command

Don Riegle, U.S. Senate and Chairman of the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs

Chuck Robb, U.S. Senate and Governor of Virginia

Rear Admiral (ret.) Harold Robinson, U.S. Navy and Deputy Chief of Chaplains

Brigadier General (ret.) Ronald F. Rokosz, U.S. Army and Deputy, Operations Directorate, the Army Staff

Ambassador (ret.) J. Stapleton Roy, Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research and Ambassador to China, Indonesia, and Singapore

Brigadier General (ret.) John M. Schuster, U.S. Army and Deputy Commanding General, 88th Regional Support Command

General (ret.) Brent Scowcroft, U.S. Air Force and U.S. National Security Advisor

Rear Admiral (ret.) Joe Sestak, U.S. Navy and Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Warfare Requirements and Programs

Gary Sick, Director for Iran and the Persian Gulf of the National Security Council

Jim Slattery, U.S. House of Representatives

Brigadier General (ret.) Paul G. Smith, U.S. Army and Commander, Massachusetts Army National Guard

Rear Admiral (ret.) Michael Smith, U.S. Navy and President, American College of National Security Leaders

Ambassador (ret.) Craig Stapleton, Ambassador to France and the Czech Republic

Mark Udall, U.S. Senate

Ambassador (ret.) Nicholas A. Veliotes, Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs and Ambassador to Egypt and Jordan

Ambassador (ret.) Edward S. Walker, Jr., Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs and Ambassador to Israel, Egypt, and the UAE

James Walsh, Research Associate at MIT’s Security Studies Program

Brigadier General (ret.) Marianne Watson, U.S. Army and Director of Manpower and Personnel, National Guard Bureau

Colonel (ret.) Lawrence Wilkerson, U.S. Army and Chief of Staff to the Secretary of State

Lieutenant General (ret.) Willie Williams, U.S. Marine Corps and Director Marine Corps Staff

General (ret.) Johnnie Wilson, U.S. Army and Commanding General, U.S. Army Materiel Command

Timothy E. Wirth, U.S. Senate

Ambassador (ret.) Frank Wisner, Ambassador to India, Egypt, the Philippines, and Zambia; and Under Secretary of State for International Security Affairs

Major General (ret.) Margaret C. Wilmoth, PhD, MSS, RN, FAAN, U.S. Army and Deputy Surgeon General for Mobilization and Army Reserve Affairs

Brigadier General (ret.) Daniel P. Woodward, U.S. Air Force and Director, Air Force Regional Affairs

Major General (ret.) Margaret Woodward, U.S. Air Force and Commander, 17th Air Force

Brigadier General (ret.) Stephen N. Xenakis, M.D., U.S. Army and Commanding General, Dwight David Eisenhower Army Medical Center

* The signers of this statement were either former senior officials of the U.S. government or prominent national security leaders who have not held senior government positions. The positions listed after the names of the former government officials are senior posts held while in office. The positions listed after the names of those who were not from the government are listed with their current position.